生产者消费者问题是线程模型中的经典问题:生产者和消费者在同一时间段内共用同一存储空间,生产者向空间里生产数据,而消费者取走数据。
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生产者消费者问题是线程模型中的经典问题:生产者和消费者在同一时间段内共用同一存储空间,生产者向空间里生产数据,而消费者取走数据。
阻塞队列就相当于一个缓冲区,平衡了生产者和消费者的处理能力。这个阻塞队列就是用来给生产者和消费者解耦的。
首先,我们搞清楚Thread.sleep()方法和Object.wait()、Object.notify()方法的区别。根据这篇文章
sleep()
是Thread类的方法;而wait()
,notify()
,notifyAll()
是Object类中定义的方法;尽管这两个方法都会影响线程的执行行为,但是本质上是有区别的。
Thread.sleep()
不会导致锁行为的改变,如果当前线程是拥有锁的,那么Thread.sleep()
不会让线程释放锁。如果能够帮助你记忆的话,可以简单认为和锁相关的方法都定义在Object类中,因此调用Thread.sleep()
是不会影响锁的相关行为。
Thread.sleep
和Object.wait
都会暂停当前的线程,对于CPU资源来说,不管是哪种方式暂停的线程,都表示它暂时不再需要CPU的执行时间。OS会将执行时间分配给其它线程。区别是调用wait后,需要别的线程执行notify/notifyAll才能够重新获得CPU执行时间。
线程状态图:
Thread.sleep()
让线程从 【running】 -> 【阻塞态】 时间结束/interrupt -> 【runnable】Object.wait()
让线程从 【running】 -> 【等待队列】notify -> 【锁池】 -> 【runnable】生产者消费者问题是研究多线程程序时绕不开的经典问题之一,它描述是有一块缓冲区作为仓库,生产者可以将产品放入仓库,消费者则可以从仓库中取走产品。在Java中一共有四种方法支持同步,其中前三个是同步方法,一个是管道方法。
(1)Object的wait() / notify()方法
(2)Lock和Condition的await() / signal()方法 (3)BlockingQueue阻塞队列方法 (4)PipedInputStream / PipedOutputStream本文只介绍最常用的前三种,第四种暂不做讨论。源代码在这里:
wait()
/ nofity()
方法是基类Object的两个方法,也就意味着所有Java类都会拥有这两个方法,这样,我们就可以为任何对象实现同步机制。
wait()
:当缓冲区已满/空时,生产者/消费者线程停止自己的执行,放弃锁,使自己处于等待状态,让其他线程执行。notify()
:当生产者/消费者向缓冲区放入/取出一个产品时,向其他等待的线程发出可执行的通知,同时放弃锁,使自己处于等待状态。/** * 生产者消费者模式:使用Object.wait() / notify()方法实现 */public class ProducerConsumer { private static final int CAPACITY = 5; public static void main(String args[]){ Queuequeue = new LinkedList (); Thread producer1 = new Producer("P-1", queue, CAPACITY); Thread producer2 = new Producer("P-2", queue, CAPACITY); Thread consumer1 = new Consumer("C1", queue, CAPACITY); Thread consumer2 = new Consumer("C2", queue, CAPACITY); Thread consumer3 = new Consumer("C3", queue, CAPACITY); producer1.start(); producer2.start(); consumer1.start(); consumer2.start(); consumer3.start(); } /** * 生产者 */ public static class Producer extends Thread{ private Queue queue; String name; int maxSize; int i = 0; public Producer(String name, Queue queue, int maxSize){ super(name); this.name = name; this.queue = queue; this.maxSize = maxSize; } @Override public void run(){ while(true){ synchronized(queue){ while(queue.size() == maxSize){ try { System.out .println("Queue is full, Producer[" + name + "] thread waiting for " + "consumer to take something from queue."); queue.wait(); } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } } System.out.println("[" + name + "] Producing value : +" + i); queue.offer(i++); queue.notifyAll(); try { Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } } /** * 消费者 */ public static class Consumer extends Thread{ private Queue queue; String name; int maxSize; public Consumer(String name, Queue queue, int maxSize){ super(name); this.name = name; this.queue = queue; this.maxSize = maxSize; } @Override public void run(){ while(true){ synchronized(queue){ while(queue.isEmpty()){ try { System.out.println("Queue is empty, Consumer[" + name + "] thread is waiting for Producer"); queue.wait(); } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } } int x = queue.poll(); System.out.println("[" + name + "] Consuming value : " + x); queue.notifyAll(); try { Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } }} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
package Demo;import java.util.LinkedList;import java.util.Queue;public class ThreadDemo { private final int maxSize=5; private final int minSize=0; private Queueque=new LinkedList (); public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadDemo t=new ThreadDemo(); Thread a=t.new A(); Thread b=t.new B(); a.start(); b.start(); } class A extends Thread{ public void run() { a(); } public synchronized void a() { while(true) { synchronized(que) { while(que.size()>=maxSize) { try { System.out.println("is maxSize,stop"); que.wait(); } catch (Exception e) { // TODO: handle exception e.printStackTrace(); } } que.offer(1); que.notifyAll(); System.out.println("add one"); try { sleep(500); } catch (Exception e) { // TODO: handle exception } } } } } class B extends Thread{ public void run() { b(); } public synchronized void b() { while(true) { synchronized(que) { while(que.size()==minSize) { try { System.out.println("is minSize,null"); que.wait(); } catch (Exception e) { // TODO: handle exception e.printStackTrace(); } } que.poll(); que.notifyAll(); System.out.println("remove one"); try { sleep(500); } catch (Exception e) { // TODO: handle exception } } } } }}
判断Queue大小为0或者大于等于queueSize时须使用 while (condition) {}
,不能使用 if(condition) {}
。其中 while(condition)
循环,它又被叫做“自旋锁”。自旋锁以及wait()
和notify()
方法在这篇文章中有更加详细的介绍。为防止该线程没有收到notify()
调用也从wait()
中返回(也称作虚假唤醒),这个线程会重新去检查condition条件以决定当前是否可以安全地继续执行还是需要重新保持等待,而不是认为线程被唤醒了就可以安全地继续执行了。
输出日志如下:
[P-1] Producing value : +0[P-1] Producing value : +1[P-1] Producing value : +2[P-1] Producing value : +3[P-1] Producing value : +4Queue is full, Producer[P-1] thread waiting for consumer to take something from queue.[C3] Consuming value : 0[C3] Consuming value : 1[C3] Consuming value : 2[C3] Consuming value : 3[C3] Consuming value : 4Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +0[C1] Consuming value : 0Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +5[P-1] Producing value : +6[P-1] Producing value : +7[P-1] Producing value : +8[P-1] Producing value : +9Queue is full, Producer[P-1] thread waiting for consumer to take something from queue.[C3] Consuming value : 5[C3] Consuming value : 6[C3] Consuming value : 7[C3] Consuming value : 8[C3] Consuming value : 9Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +1[C1] Consuming value : 1Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +10[P-1] Producing value : +11[P-1] Producing value : +12[P-1] Producing value : +13[P-1] Producing value : +14Queue is full, Producer[P-1] thread waiting for consumer to take something from queue.[C3] Consuming value : 10[C3] Consuming value : 11[C3] Consuming value : 12[C3] Consuming value : 13[C3] Consuming value : 14Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +2[P-2] Producing value : +3[P-2] Producing value : +4[P-2] Producing value : +5[P-2] Producing value : +6Queue is full, Producer[P-2] thread waiting for consumer to take something from queue.[C1] Consuming value : 2[C1] Consuming value : 3[C1] Consuming value : 4[C1] Consuming value : 5[C1] Consuming value : 6Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +15[C3] Consuming value : 15Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +7[P-2] Producing value : +8[P-2] Producing value : +9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
在JDK5.0之后,Java提供了更加健壮的线程处理机制,包括同步、锁定、线程池等,它们可以实现更细粒度的线程控制。Condition接口的await()
和signal()
就是其中用来做同步的两种方法,它们的功能基本上和Object的wait()
/ nofity()
相同,完全可以取代它们,但是它们和新引入的锁定机制Lock
直接挂钩,具有更大的灵活性。通过在Lock
对象上调用newCondition()
方法,将条件变量和一个锁对象进行绑定,进而控制并发程序访问竞争资源的安全。下面来看代码:
/** * 生产者消费者模式:使用Lock和Condition实现 * {@link java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock} * {@link java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition} */public class ProducerConsumerByLock { private static final int CAPACITY = 5; private static final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); private static final Condition fullCondition = lock.newCondition(); //队列满的条件 private static final Condition emptyCondition = lock.newCondition(); //队列空的条件 public static void main(String args[]){ Queuequeue = new LinkedList (); Thread producer1 = new Producer("P-1", queue, CAPACITY); Thread producer2 = new Producer("P-2", queue, CAPACITY); Thread consumer1 = new Consumer("C1", queue, CAPACITY); Thread consumer2 = new Consumer("C2", queue, CAPACITY); Thread consumer3 = new Consumer("C3", queue, CAPACITY); producer1.start(); producer2.start(); consumer1.start(); consumer2.start(); consumer3.start(); } /** * 生产者 */ public static class Producer extends Thread{ private Queue queue; String name; int maxSize; int i = 0; public Producer(String name, Queue queue, int maxSize){ super(name); this.name = name; this.queue = queue; this.maxSize = maxSize; } @Override public void run(){ while(true){ //获得锁 lock.lock(); while(queue.size() == maxSize){ try { System.out .println("Queue is full, Producer[" + name + "] thread waiting for " + "consumer to take something from queue."); //条件不满足,生产阻塞 fullCondition.await(); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } } System.out.println("[" + name + "] Producing value : +" + i); queue.offer(i++); //唤醒其他所有生产者、消费者 fullCondition.signalAll(); emptyCondition.signalAll(); //释放锁 lock.unlock(); try { Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } /** * 消费者 */ public static class Consumer extends Thread{ private Queue queue; String name; int maxSize; public Consumer(String name, Queue queue, int maxSize){ super(name); this.name = name; this.queue = queue; this.maxSize = maxSize; } @Override public void run(){ while(true){ //获得锁 lock.lock(); while(queue.isEmpty()){ try { System.out.println("Queue is empty, Consumer[" + name + "] thread is waiting for Producer"); //条件不满足,消费阻塞 emptyCondition.await(); } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } } int x = queue.poll(); System.out.println("[" + name + "] Consuming value : " + x); //唤醒其他所有生产者、消费者 fullCondition.signalAll(); emptyCondition.signalAll(); //释放锁 lock.unlock(); try { Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128
输入日志如下:
[P-1] Producing value : +0[C1] Consuming value : 0Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +0[C3] Consuming value : 0Queue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +1[C2] Consuming value : 1Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +1[C1] Consuming value : 1Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +2[C3] Consuming value : 2Queue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +2[C2] Consuming value : 2Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +3[C1] Consuming value : 3Queue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +3[C2] Consuming value : 3Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +4[C1] Consuming value : 4Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +4[C3] Consuming value : 4Queue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +5[C2] Consuming value : 5Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +5[C1] Consuming value : 5Queue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +6[C2] Consuming value : 6Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +6[C3] Consuming value : 6Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +7[C3] Consuming value : 7Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +7[C1] Consuming value : 7Queue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +8[C2] Consuming value : 8[P-1] Producing value : +8[C1] Consuming value : 8[P-2] Producing value : +9[C3] Consuming value : 9[P-2] Producing value : +10[C2] Consuming value : 10[P-1] Producing value : +9[P-1] Producing value : +10[C1] Consuming value : 9[P-2] Producing value : +11[C3] Consuming value : 10[C2] Consuming value : 11[P-2] Producing value : +12[C1] Consuming value : 12[P-1] Producing value : +11[C3] Consuming value : 11[P-2] Producing value : +13[C2] Consuming value : 13Queue is empty, Consumer[C2] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +12[C2] Consuming value : 12Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +13[C3] Consuming value : 13Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for Producer[P-2] Producing value : +14[C1] Consuming value : 14Queue is empty, Consumer[C3] thread is waiting for ProducerQueue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +14[C3] Consuming value : 14Queue is empty, Consumer[C1] thread is waiting for Producer[P-1] Producing value : +15[C1] Consuming value : 15[P-2] Producing value : +15[P-1] Producing value : +16[C3] Consuming value : 15[P-2] Producing value : +16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104
JDK 1.5 以后新增的 java.util.concurrent
包新增了 BlockingQueue
接口。并提供了如下几种阻塞队列实现:
实现生产者-消费者模型使用 ArrayBlockingQueue
或者 LinkedBlockingQueue
即可。
我们这里使用LinkedBlockingQueue
,它是一个已经在内部实现了同步的队列,实现方式采用的是我们第2种await()
/ signal()
方法。它可以在生成对象时指定容量大小。它用于阻塞操作的是put()和take()方法。
put()
方法:类似于我们上面的生产者线程,容量达到最大时,自动阻塞。take()
方法:类似于我们上面的消费者线程,容量为0时,自动阻塞。我们可以跟进源码看一下LinkedBlockingQueue
类的put()
方法实现:
/** Main lock guarding all access */final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();/** Condition for waiting takes */private final Condition notEmpty = lock.newCondition();/** Condition for waiting puts */private final Condition notFull = lock.newCondition();public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException { putLast(e);}public void putLast(E e) throws InterruptedException { if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException(); Nodenode = new Node (e); final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock; lock.lock(); try { while (!linkLast(node)) notFull.await(); } finally { lock.unlock(); }} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
看到这里证实了它的实现方式采用的是我们第2种await()
/ signal()
方法。下面我们就使用它实现吧。
/** * 生产者消费者模式:使用{@link java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue}实现 */public class ProducerConsumerByBQ{ private static final int CAPACITY = 5; public static void main(String args[]){ LinkedBlockingDequeblockingQueue = new LinkedBlockingDeque (CAPACITY); Thread producer1 = new Producer("P-1", blockingQueue, CAPACITY); Thread producer2 = new Producer("P-2", blockingQueue, CAPACITY); Thread consumer1 = new Consumer("C1", blockingQueue, CAPACITY); Thread consumer2 = new Consumer("C2", blockingQueue, CAPACITY); Thread consumer3 = new Consumer("C3", blockingQueue, CAPACITY); producer1.start(); producer2.start(); consumer1.start(); consumer2.start(); consumer3.start(); } /** * 生产者 */ public static class Producer extends Thread{ private LinkedBlockingDeque blockingQueue; String name; int maxSize; int i = 0; public Producer(String name, LinkedBlockingDeque queue, int maxSize){ super(name); this.name = name; this.blockingQueue = queue; this.maxSize = maxSize; } @Override public void run(){ while(true){ try { blockingQueue.put(i); System.out.println("[" + name + "] Producing value : +" + i); i++; //暂停最多1秒 Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } /** * 消费者 */ public static class Consumer extends Thread{ private LinkedBlockingDeque blockingQueue; String name; int maxSize; public Consumer(String name, LinkedBlockingDeque queue, int maxSize){ super(name); this.name = name; this.blockingQueue = queue; this.maxSize = maxSize; } @Override public void run(){ while(true){ try { int x = blockingQueue.take(); System.out.println("[" + name + "] Consuming : " + x); //暂停最多1秒 Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
输出日志如下:
[P-2] Producing value : +0[P-1] Producing value : +0[C1] Consuming : 0[C3] Consuming : 0[P-2] Producing value : +1[C2] Consuming : 1[P-2] Producing value : +2[C1] Consuming : 2[P-1] Producing value : +1[C2] Consuming : 1[P-1] Producing value : +2[C3] Consuming : 2[P-1] Producing value : +3[C2] Consuming : 3[P-2] Producing value : +3[C1] Consuming : 3[P-1] Producing value : +4[C2] Consuming : 4[P-2] Producing value : +4[C3] Consuming : 4[P-2] Producing value : +5[C1] Consuming : 5[P-1] Producing value : +5[C2] Consuming : 5[P-1] Producing value : +6[C1] Consuming : 6[P-2] Producing value : +6[C2] Consuming : 6[P-2] Producing value : +7[C2] Consuming : 7[P-1] Producing value : +7[C1] Consuming : 7[P-2] Producing value : +8[C3] Consuming : 8[P-2] Producing value : +9[C2] Consuming : 9[P-1] Producing value : +8[C2] Consuming : 8[P-2] Producing value : +10[C1] Consuming : 10[P-1] Producing value : +9[C3] Consuming : 9[P-1] Producing value : +10[C2] Consuming : 10[P-2] Producing value : +11[C1] Consuming : 11[C3] Consuming : 12[P-2] Producing value : +12[P-2] Producing value : +13[C2] Consuming : 13[P-1] Producing value : +11[C3] Consuming : 11[P-1] Producing value : +12[C3] Consuming : 12[P-2] Producing value : +14[C1] Consuming : 14[P-1] Producing value : +13[C2] Consuming : 13[P-2] Producing value : +15[C3] Consuming : 15[P-2] Producing value : +16[C1] Consuming : 16[P-1] Producing value : +14[C3] Consuming : 14[P-2] Producing value : +17[C2] Consuming : 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
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